Mongol conquest of Anatolia

The Battle of Köse Dağ was the pivotal event of the Mongol conquest of Anatolia. Sultan Kaykhusraw II led an army of 80,000 from the Sultanate of Rum against a Mongol force of 30,000 under the general Baiju Noyan, and was decisively defeated. The outcome fundamentally altered the political order of eastern Anatolia: Rum, previously a significant independent power in the eastern Mediterranean, was reduced to the status of a client kingdom. Its territories were subsequently absorbed into the Mongol Ilkhanate, ending the Sultanate's autonomy and integrating Anatolia into the expanding Mongol imperial structure.