ERA // 1816 – 1870
Age of Nationalism
94 wars · 563 battles
Profile
The age of nation-building and its wars — the revolutions of 1848, the Crimean War, the American Civil War, and the unifications of Italy and Germany.
Timeline
1816 – 1924
94 wars · span 108 years
Wars
94 catalogued
1816-1820
Portuguese Conquest of the Banda Oriental
The Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental was the armed-conflict that took place between 1816 and 1820 in the Banda Oriental, for control of what today comprises the whole of…
14 battles
1816-1858
Seminole Wars
The Seminole Wars were a series of three military conflicts between the United States and the Seminoles that took place in Florida between about 1816 and 1858. The Seminoles are…
0 battles
1817-1818
Third Anglo-Maratha War
The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1819) was the final and decisive conflict between Britain and the Maratha Empire. The war left the Company in control of most of India. It began…
3 battles
1820-1832
Black War
The Black War was a period of violent conflict between British colonists and Aboriginal Tasmanians in Tasmania from the mid-1820s to 1832 which precipitated the…
0 battles
1820-1823
Ecuadorian War of Independence
The Ecuadorian War of Independence, part of the Spanish American wars of independence of the early 19th century, was fought from 1809 to 1822 between Spain and several South…
4 battles
1820-1882
Texas–Indian Wars
The Texas–Indian wars were a series of conflicts between settlers in Texas and the Southern Plains Indians during the 19th century. Conflict between the Plains Indians and the…
3 battles
1821-1829
Greek War of Independence
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence fought by Greek revolutionaries against…
37 battles
1821-1823
Ottoman–Persian War of 1821–23
The Ottoman–Persian War of 1821–1823 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran from 1821 to 1823.
2 battles
1821-1824
Peruvian War of Independence
The Peruvian War of Independence was a series of military conflicts in Peru from 1809 to 1826 that resulted in the country's independence from the Spanish Empire. Part of the…
3 battles
1822-1824
Brazilian War of Independence
The Brazilian War of Independence was an armed conflict that led to the separation of Brazil from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. The war was fought…
4 battles
1823-1900
Anglo-Ashanti wars
The Anglo-Ashanti wars were a series of five conflicts that took place between 1824 and 1900 between the Ashanti Empire—in the Akan interior of the Gold Coast—and the British…
2 battles
1823-1825
Greek civil wars of 1823–1825
The Greek civil wars of 1823–1825 occurred alongside the Greek War of Independence. The conflict had both political and regional dimensions, as it pitted the Roumeliotes, who…
0 battles
1824-1886
Anglo-Burmese Wars
The Anglo-Burmese Wars, also known as the Indo-Burmese Wars, were an armed conflict between two expanding empires, the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty, that became…
0 battles
1824-1826
First Anglo-Burmese War
The First Anglo-Burmese War, also known as the First Burma War in English language accounts and First English Invasion War in Burmese language accounts, was the first of three…
2 battles
1825-1828
Cisplatine War
The Cisplatine War was an armed conflict fought in the 1820s between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata over control of the Banda Oriental…
10 battles
1825-1830
Java War of 1825-1830
The Java War, also known in Indonesia as the Diponegoro War, was an armed conflict in central and eastern Java from 1825 to 1830, between native Javanese rebels headed by Prince…
10 battles
1826-1828
Russo-Persian War of 1826–28
The Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828 was the last major military conflict between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran, which was fought over territorial disputes in the South…
4 battles
1827
Chilean War of Independence
The Chilean War of Independence was a military and political event that allowed the emancipation of Chile from the Spanish Monarchy, ending the colonial period and initiating the…
4 battles
1827
War of the Aggrieved
The War of the Aggrieved was an "ultra-Absolutist" uprising that took place between March and October 1827 in Catalonia and, to a smaller extent, in Valencia, Aragon, the Basque…
0 battles
1828-1829
Gran Colombia–Peru War
The Gran Colombian–Peruvian War of 1828 and 1829 was the first international conflict fought by the Republic of Peru, which had gained its independence from Spain in 1821, and…
3 battles
1828-1834
Liberal Wars
The Liberal Wars, also known as the Portuguese Civil War and the War of the Two Brothers was a civil war in Portugal that lasted from May 1828 to May 1834, fought between liberal…
5 battles
1828-1829
Ninth Russo-Turkish War
The Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 resulted from the Greek War of Independence of 1821–1829; war broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian…
4 battles
1830-1831
November Uprising
The November Uprising, also known as the Polish–Russian War of 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian…
17 battles
1831-1833
First Egyptian-Ottoman War
The First Egyptian–Ottoman War or First Syrian War (1831–1833) was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt brought about by Muhammad Ali Pasha's demand to the…
1 battle
1831-1834
Siamese–Vietnamese War of 1831-1834
The Siamese–Vietnamese War of 1833–1834, was a part of centuries-long conflict between Siam and Vietnam for suzerainty over Post-Angkor Cambodia. After the Siamese–Vietnamese…
0 battles
1832
Black Hawk War
The Black Hawk War was a conflict between the United States and Native Americans led by Black Hawk, a Sauk leader. The war erupted after Black Hawk and a group of Sauks,…
2 battles
1833-1876
Carlist Wars
The Carlist Wars were a series of civil wars that took place in Spain during the 19th century. The contenders fought over claims to the throne, although some political…
0 battles
1833-1840
First Carlist War
The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, the first of three Carlist Wars. It was fought between two factions over the succession to the throne and the…
24 battles
1835-1845
Farroupilha Revolution
The Ragamuffin War, also known as the Ragamuffin Revolution or Heroic Decade, was a republican uprising that began in southern Brazil during the regency period, centered in the…
3 battles
1835-1842
Second Seminole War
The Second Seminole War, also known as the Florida War, was a conflict from 1835 to 1842 in Florida between the United States and groups of people collectively known as…
2 battles
1835-1836
Texas Revolution
The Texas Revolution was a rebellion by Anglo-American immigrants as well as Hispanic Texans against the centralist government of Mexico in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas.…
11 battles
1835-1836
Toledo War
The Toledo War (1835–1836), also known as the Michigan–Ohio War or Ohio–Michigan War, was a boundary dispute between the state of Ohio and the adjoining Michigan Territory over…
0 battles
1836-1839
War of the Confederation
The War of the Confederation was a military confrontation waged by the United Restoration Army, the alliance of the land and naval forces of Chile and the Restoration Army of…
5 battles
1837-1847
Kenesary Kasymov's Uprising
Kenesary's Rebellion was the longest uprising of the Kazakh people on the territory of modern Kazakhstan under the leadership of Khan Kenesary Qasymov against the Russian Empire.
0 battles
1838-1839
Aroostook War
The Aroostook War, or the Madawaska War, was a military and civilian-involved confrontation in 1838–1839 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the international…
0 battles
1838-1839
Pastry War
The Pastry War, also known as the First French intervention in Mexico or the First Franco-Mexican war (1838–1839), began in November 1838 with the naval blockade of some Mexican…
1 battle
1839-1842
First Anglo-Afghan War
The First Anglo-Afghan War was fought between the British Empire and the Emirate of Kabul from 1838 to 1842. The British initially successfully invaded the country taking sides…
3 battles
1839-1842
First Opium War
The First Opium War, also known as the Anglo-Chinese War, was a series of military engagements fought between the British Empire and Qing China between 1839 and 1842. The…
17 battles
1839-1860
Opium Wars
The Opium Wars were two conflicts waged between the Qing dynasty and the Western powers during the mid 19th century.
0 battles
1839-1841
Second Egyptian-Ottoman War
The Second Egyptian–Ottoman War lasted from 1839 until 1841 and was fought mainly in Syria. It has sometimes been referred to as the Syrian War or Second Syrian War.
1 battle
1839-1851
Uruguayan Civil War
The Uruguayan Civil War, also known in Spanish as the Guerra Grande, was a series of armed conflicts between the leaders of Uruguayan independence. While officially the war…
3 battles
1841-1845
Siamese–Vietnamese War of 1841–1845
The Siamese–Vietnamese War of 1840–1845 was a military conflict between the Đại Nam, ruled by Emperor Minh Mạng and then Emperor Thiệu Trị, and the Kingdom of Siam, under the…
0 battles
1841-1842
Sino-Sikh War
The Dogra–Tibetan war, also called the Sino–Sikh war, was fought from May 1841 to August 1842 between the Dogra-led Kingdom of Jammu, a federal subject of the Sikh Empire, and…
0 battles
1844
Franco-Moroccan War
The Franco-Moroccan War was fought between the Kingdom of France and the Sultanate of Morocco from 6 August to 10 September 1844. The principal cause of war was the retreat of…
1 battle
1844-1856
War of Dominican Independence
The Dominican War of Independence was a war of independence that began when the Dominican Republic declared independence from the Republic of Haiti on February 27, 1844 and ended…
5 battles
1845-1846
First Anglo-Sikh War
The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the Sikh Empire and the British Empire from 1845 to 1846 around the Firozpur district of Punjab. It resulted in the defeat and partial…
4 battles
1845-1846
Flagstaff War
The Flagstaff War, also known as Heke's War, Hōne Heke's Rebellion and the Northern War, was fought between 11 March 1845 and 11 January 1846 in and around the Bay of Islands,…
2 battles
1845-1872
New Zealand Wars
The New Zealand Wars took place from 1845 to 1872 between the New Zealand colonial government and allied Māori on one side, and Māori and Māori-allied settlers on the other.
2 battles
1846–1848
Mexican-American War
The war redrew North America's political geography and accelerated sectional conflict over slavery's expansion.
9 battles · Approx. 13,000 U.S. deaths, many from disease; Mexican losses were substantially higher but uncertain.
1846-1849
Second Carlist War
The Second Carlist War, or the War of the Matiners, was a civil war in Spain. Some historians consider it a direct Catalan revolt against Madrid, fought primarily in Catalonia by…
1 battle
1847-1901
Caste War of Yucatán
The Caste War of Yucatán or ba'atabil kichkelem Yúum (1847–1915) began with the revolt of Indigenous Maya people of the Yucatán Peninsula against Hispanic populations, called…
0 battles
1847-1855
Cayuse War
The Cayuse War (1847–1855) was an armed conflict between the Cayuse people of the Northwestern United States and settlers, backed by the U.S. government. The conflict was…
0 battles
1847
Sonderbund War
The Sonderbund War of November 1847 was a civil war in Switzerland, then still a relatively loose confederacy of cantons. It ensued after seven Catholic cantons formed the…
1 battle
1848-1849
First Italian War of Independence
The First Italian War of Independence, part of the Risorgimento or unification of Italy, was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) and Italian volunteers against the…
9 battles
1848-1851
First Schleswig War
The First Schleswig War, also known as the Schleswig-Holstein uprising and the Three Years' War, was a military conflict in southern Denmark and northern Germany rooted in the…
12 battles
1848-1849
Hungarian Revolution of 1848
The Hungarian Revolution of 1848, also known in Hungary as Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence of 1848–1849 was one of a number of European Revolutions of 1848 and was…
21 battles
1848-1849
Second Anglo-Sikh war
The Second Anglo-Sikh War was a military conflict fought between the Sikh Empire and the East India Company, which took place from 1848 to 1849. It resulted in the fall of the…
3 battles
1849-1924
Apache Wars
The Apache Wars were a series of armed conflicts between the United States Army and various Apache tribal confederations fought in the southwest between 1849 and 1886, though…
1 battle
1851-1852
Platine War
The Platine War was fought between the Argentine Confederation and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil, Uruguay, and the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and…
1 battle
1851-1864
Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War, Revolution, or Movement, was a civil war in China between the Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The…
12 battles
1852
Second Anglo-Burmese War
The Second Anglo-Burmese War or the Second Burma War was the second of the three wars fought between the Burmese Empire and British Empire during the 19th century. The war…
1 battle
1853-1856
Crimean War
The Crimean War was fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the Second French Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the…
15 battles · Ottoman Empire: 165,363; Russia: 450,015
1854-1891
Sioux Wars
The Sioux Wars were a series of conflicts between the United States and various subgroups of the Sioux people which occurred in the later half of the 19th century. The earliest…
8 battles
1855-1856
Nepalese-Tibetan War
The Nepal–Tibet War of 1855–1856 was fought in Tibet between the forces of the Tibetan government and the invading Nepalese army, resulting in huge loss of money and manpower for…
0 battles
1855-1858
Yakima War
The Yakima War (1855–1858), also referred to as the Plateau War or Yakima Indian War, was a conflict between the United States and the Yakama, a Sahaptian-speaking people of the…
3 battles
1856-1857
Anglo-Persian War
The Anglo-Persian War, also known as the Anglo-Iranian War, was a war fought between the United Kingdom and Iran, which was ruled by the Qajar dynasty. In the war, the British…
1 battle
1856-1860
Second Opium War
The Second Opium War, also known as the Second Anglo-Chinese War or Arrow War, was fought between the United Kingdom and France against the Qing dynasty of China between 1856 and…
10 battles
1857-1858
Indian Mutiny of 1857
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power, including…
11 battles
1857-1861
Reform War
The Reform War or War of Reform, also known as the Three Years' War and the Mexican Civil War, was a complex civil conflict in Mexico that was fought between Mexican liberals and…
3 battles
1859-1863
Banjarmasin War
The Banjarmasin War (1859–1863) was a war of succession in the Sultanate of Banjarmasin, as well as a colonial war for the restoration of Dutch authority in the eastern and…
2 battles
1859-1860
Hispano-Moroccan War
The Hispano-Moroccan War, also known as the Spanish–Moroccan War, the First Moroccan War, the Tetuán War, or, in Spain, as the War of Africa, was fought from Spain's declaration…
5 battles
1859
Pig War
The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the British–U.S. border in the San Juan Islands, between Vancouver Island and the…
0 battles
1859
Second Italian War of Independence
The Second Italian War of Independence was fought by the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859 and played a crucial part in the…
10 battles
1860
1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
The 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, also known as the 1860 Christian–Druze war, was a civil conflict in Mount Lebanon during Ottoman rule in 1860–1861 fought…
0 battles
1860-1862
Colombian Civil War of 1859–62
The Colombian Civil War began on 8 May 1860 and lasted until November 1862. It was an internal conflict between the newly formed conservative Granadine Confederation and a more…
0 battles
1861–1865
American Civil War
The war determined whether the Union would survive and whether slavery would continue, reshaping federal power and citizenship.
81 battles · Approx. 620,000–750,000 military deaths, depending on methodology.
1861-1862
Montenegrin–Ottoman War of 1861–62
The Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862) was a war between the Principality of Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire that took place between 1861 and 1862. The war ended and…
1 battle
1861-1883
occupation of Araucanía
The Occupation of Araucanía or Pacification of Araucanía (1861–1883) was a series of military campaigns, agreements and penetrations by the Chilean military and settlers into…
0 battles
1862
Dakota War of 1862
The Dakota War of 1862, also known as the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862, the Sioux Uprising, the Dakota Uprising, the Sioux Outbreak of 1862, the Dakota Conflict, or Little Crow's War,…
6 battles
1863
Bombardment of Kagoshima
The Bombardment of Kagoshima, also known as the Anglo-Satsuma War , was a military engagement fought between Britain and the Satsuma Domain in Kagoshima from 15 to 17 August…
0 battles
1863-1865
Colorado War
The Colorado War was an Indian War fought in 1864 and 1865 between the Southern Cheyenne, Arapaho, and allied Brulé and Oglala Lakota peoples versus the U.S. Army, Colorado…
1 battle
1863-1865
Dominican Restoration War
The Dominican Restoration War or the Dominican War of Restoration, called War of Santo Domingo in Spain, was a guerrilla war between 1863 and 1865 in the Dominican Republic…
1 battle
1864-1866
Chincha Islands War
The Chincha Islands War, also known as Spanish–South American War, was a series of coastal and naval battles between Spain and its former colonies of Peru, Chile, Ecuador, and…
5 battles
1864
Overland Campaign
The Overland Campaign, also known as Grant's Overland Campaign, the Virginia Campaign, and the Wilderness Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during May and June…
0 battles
1864-1870
Paraguayan War
The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance, was a South American war that lasted from 1864 to 1870. It was fought between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance…
32 battles
1864
Second Schleswig War
The Second Schleswig War, also sometimes known as the Dano-Prussian War or Prusso-Danish War, was the second military conflict over the Schleswig–Holstein question of the 19th…
9 battles
1864-1865
Uruguayan War
The Uruguayan War was fought between Uruguay's governing Blanco Party and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil and the Uruguayan Colorado Party, covertly supported by…
1 battle
1866
Austro-Prussian War
The Austro-Prussian War was fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with each also being aided by various allies within the German Confederation.…
27 battles
1866-1871
Fenian raids
The Fenian raids were a series of incursions carried out by the Fenian Brotherhood, an Irish republican organization based in the United States, on military fortifications,…
2 battles
1866-1868
Red Cloud's War
Red Cloud's War was an armed conflict between an alliance of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Northern Arapaho peoples against the United States and the Crow Nation that took…
2 battles
1866
Third Italian War of Independence
The Third Italian War of Independence was a war between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire fought between June and August 1866. The conflict paralleled the…
2 battles
1868-1869
Boshin War
The Boshin War , sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa…
11 battles
1868-1878
Ten Years' War
The Ten Years' War, also known as the Great War and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other…
2 battles
1870-1871
Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation…
23 battles · Second French Empire: 756,285; Side 2: 144,642
Famous commanders of the Age of Nationalism era
12 shown
Robert E. Lee
StrategicGeneral in chief1807–1870
Confederate States
20 battles ledΣ1131 int
Ulysses S. Grant
StrategicGeneral of the Army1822–1885
United States
13 battles ledΣ715 int
Prince Friedrich Karl
Strategicgeneral1828–1885
North German Confederation
11 battles ledΣ538 int
Helmuth von Moltke
Strategicgeneral1800–1891
North German Confederation
6 battles ledΣ318 int
George B. McClellan
major general1826–1885
United States
10 battles ledΣ494 int
Hugh Gough
field marshal1779–1869
14 battles ledΣ451 int
Artúr Görgei
général de corps d'armée1818–1916
8 battles ledΣ348 int
George G. Meade
brigadier general1815–1872
United States
6 battles ledΣ348 int
James Longstreet
lieutenant general1821–1904
Confederate States
7 battles ledΣ347 int
Joseph E. Johnston
6 battles ledΣ321 int
Philip Sheridan
General of the Army1831–1888
United States
7 battles ledΣ308 int
Mikhail Gorchakov
StrategicGeneral of the Artillery1793–1861
Russian Empire
6 battles ledΣ302 int
Ranked by Σ battle intensity across battles led in scope. Strategic leaders (chiefs of state / supreme commanders) pinned to the top.