ORDER OF BATTLE // November 1, 1812
Battle of Medina
Estimated force strength by side, with confidence labels per surviving record.
Forces engaged
2 sides catalogued · combined 29,000 estimated
Ottoman Empire
15,000
Medium-confidence figure
Emirate of Diriyah
14,000
Medium-confidence figure
Battle context
The Battle of Medina, fought south of San Antonio de Bexar in August 1813, was a decisive engagement during the Mexican War of Independence in the Texas theater. Spanish forces under General Arredondo defeated the republican army of the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition, composed of Tejano-Mexican and Tejano-American revolutionaries under General Toledo y Dubois. The defeat effectively ended the expedition's bid to secure Texas for the republican cause and reasserted Spanish authority in the region. Recorded as the deadliest battle in Texas history, the engagement crushed the most significant armed challenge to Spanish rule in Texas during this period.
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