Battle of Weihaiwei

Battle context

The Battle of Weihaiwei, fought between January and February 1895 in Shandong Province, delivered a decisive blow to the Beiyang Fleet, China's principal naval force. Japanese forces under Ōyama Iwao and Itō Sukeyuki coordinated a combined land-sea operation, with a 25,000-strong Japanese army outflanking the 10,000-strong Chinese garrison by landing in eastern Shandong and positioning behind the base. Chinese casualties reached approximately 4,000. The fall of Weihaiwei eliminated China's capacity to contest Japanese naval supremacy in the Yellow Sea and effectively ended organized Chinese resistance in the maritime theater of the First Sino-Japanese War. The loss strengthened Japan's negotiating position ahead of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, confirming the structural collapse of Qing military modernization efforts embodied in the Beiyang Fleet.