Battle of the Camel

Battle context

The Battle of the Camel was the first major armed conflict between Muslims in the history of Islam, fought during the First Fitna between Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph, and the Uthmaniyya coalition led by Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr outside Basra in 656 CE. The opposing coalition had rallied under the stated cause of avenging the assassination of the third caliph Uthman and demanded Ali's removal in favor of a Qurayshite succession council involving Talha and Zubayr — though both Aisha and Talha had themselves opposed Uthman during his reign. Ali's victory, achieved with predominantly Kufan and Medinan forces against a Meccan and Basran coalition, secured his hold on the caliphate and eliminated two prominent early companions as political rivals: Talha was killed in the fighting, and Zubayr, who withdrew before battle was joined, was subsequently assassinated. Aisha was escorted back to Hejaz following the defeat. With Uthmaniyya casualties recorded at approximately 2,500 against equal force sizes on both sides, the engagement demonstrated the scale of fracture within the early Muslim polity and set the trajectory of the First Fitna, in which questions of legitimate succession and culpability for Uthman's death would continue to divide the caliphate.