ORDER OF BATTLE // November 17, 1794
Battle of the Black Mountain
Estimated force strength by side, with confidence labels per surviving record.
Forces engaged
2 sides catalogued · combined 85,000 estimated
France
35,000
Medium-confidence figure
Spain
50,000
Medium-confidence figure
Battle context
The Battle of the Black Mountain, fought from 17 to 20 November 1794, was a significant French victory in the War of the Pyrenees, producing a lopsided casualty exchange—roughly 3,000 French against 10,000 Spanish—from forces of 35,000 and 50,000 respectively. Despite Spanish numerical superiority, the French under Dugommier broke the Allied army commanded by the Conde de la Unión, routing it on the final day after overrunning a key position. The result accelerated French strategic dominance on the Pyrenean front in the closing phase of the war, which would conclude with the Treaty of Basel in July 1795. The scale of the Spanish collapse, despite their larger force holding on the right, pointed to structural vulnerabilities in Allied coordination that French Republican armies had exploited across multiple theaters during this period.
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