ORDER OF BATTLE // January 8, 1504
Battle of Garigliano
Estimated force strength by side, with confidence labels per surviving record.
Forces engaged
2 sides catalogued · combined 38,000 estimated
Kingdom of Spain
15,000
Medium-confidence figure
Kingdom of France
23,000
Medium-confidence figure
Battle context
The Battle of Garigliano, fought on January 8, 1504, during the Italian Wars of 1499–1504, pitted a Spanish force of 15,000 under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba against a French army of 23,000 that included commanders such as Ludovico II of Saluzzo, Piero de Medici, Francesco II Gonzaga, and Pierre Terrail de Bayard. French casualties reached 4,000. The engagement was part of the broader contest between Spain and France for control of the Italian peninsula, a rivalry that defined the Italian Wars of this period.
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